Causes and Consequences of the Undeclared Civil War Known as "La Violencia" (1920–1960)

Abstract

This article examines "La Violencia" in Colombia (1920–1960), an undeclared conflict that profoundly transformed the nation's society and politics. It outlines the primary causes of the conflict, including political polarization between liberals and conservatives, social and economic inequality, and rural land disputes. Key events such as the assassination of Jorge Eliécer Gaitán and the subsequent Bogotazo, which intensified the conflict, are also detailed. Regarding its consequences, the article highlights the impact on the civilian population, forced displacement, economic crisis, and social fragmentation. Additionally, it addresses political repercussions such as the establishment of the National Front, the exclusion of emerging political actors, and the rise of guerrilla movements. Culturally, the conflict left a mark on Colombian identity, normalizing violence and affecting social and family dynamics. The analysis reflects on how "La Violencia" not only shaped Colombia's political history but also influenced subsequent conflicts, leaving a legacy of distrust in the state and social fragmentation that persists to this day.